class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide # Introduction to R ### Berk Orbay ### (updated: 2021-09-20) --- --- class: inverse, center, middle # Why R? --- # Brief History of R + Created by Ross Ithaka and Robert Gentlemen of University of Auckland in 1993. It was derived from commercial **S** programming language (no kidding) which was created in 1976. + Version 1.0.0 is released in 2000. Current version is 4.1.1. + In 2017, CRAN (official package manager) had more than 10,000 packages. Today it has 18,214 packages on CRAN. + Ranked as the 9th most popular language in TIOBE index as of September 2021. ### Sources + https://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2020/07/the-history-of-r-updated-for-2020.html + https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programming_language) + https://bookdown.org/rdpeng/rprogdatascience/history-and-overview-of-r.html + https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ + https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/ --- # What is there to like R? *(Personal opinions)* + One of the two most powerful scripting languages in data analysis with Python. ([Julia](https://julialang.org/), first released in 2012, is an emerging third.) + Syntax and style focused on more non-computer scientists. (Especially tidyverse) + Excellently curated and managed package manager (CRAN). + A powerhouse focused on data analytics. Many packages include implementations of novel research papers which cannot be found elsewhere. + Supported by a powerful IDE (RStudio). + Low learning curve for data analysis, visualization, publishing and interactive analysis. **Note:** Python and R are not competitors. In many cases they complement each other. It is highly recommended to learn both. --- # What are the disadvantages of R? + Not quite popular as Python in CS community. Support is lagging behind in some areas (especially in cloud computing) compared to Python. + Despite a very convenient web framework (shiny), not greatly suited for scalable web applications without heavy modifications. (Still a great start) + Parallel computing is not native in R. So, speed can be an issue. + R keeps data in-memory. Each disadvantage can be alleviated using a package or a solution. Its benefits far outweigh its disadvantages. --- class: inverse, center, middle # Foundations --- # Basic Features + R is a vector based language. When you call a function or do an operation, it is usually done for every member of the vector. (It is a powerful feature which requires some time to learn.) + Main data types are `numeric`, `character` and `logical`. But `factor`, `integer`, `date`, `dttm` (date-time) and some other types are also very common. + Main object types are `vector`, `matrix`, `data.frame` and `list`. + Assignment operators are "`<-`" and "`=`". Aside from rare exceptions, they are the same (`x <- 5` is the same as `x = 5`). Please be consistent in its use. ```r x <- 5 x ``` ``` ## [1] 5 ``` + R console is completely interactive. You can run anything line by line. --- # Data Types + Numeric (`double`): 1.33, 5422.22... + There is also `integer`: 3, 5, 6... + Character (`character`): "a", "course", "pizza"... + Boolean (`logical`): Either `TRUE` or `FALSE`. + Date (`date`) and date-time (`dttm`): "`2020-07-28`", "`2020-07-29 14:00:05.12 UTC+3`" + This part is a bit complicated with POSIXct and POSIXt types. + Factor (`factor`): Numeric levels with labels of any kind. + Encountered rarely in this course. --- # Object Types - Vector Vector is the foundation stone of R object types. A variable with a single value is called "atomic" vector. Vectors with multiple values can be defined using `c()` ("combine") function. ```r x <- c("a","b","c") x ``` ``` ## [1] "a" "b" "c" ``` A vector can have only a single data type. R conveniently converts vectors to the most appropriate data type. ```r x <- c(1,"hi",FALSE) # Vector of numeric, character and logical values x # converted to all character ``` ``` ## [1] "1" "hi" "FALSE" ``` --- # Object Types - Matrix Matrix is simply a two dimensional special vector. ```r mat1<-matrix(1:9, ncol=3, nrow=3) mat1 ``` ``` ## [,1] [,2] [,3] ## [1,] 1 4 7 ## [2,] 2 5 8 ## [3,] 3 6 9 ``` We can get a value from a matrix by providing its location as row/column coordinates or by simply by treating it as a vector. ```r mat1[2,2] ``` ``` ## [1] 5 ``` ```r mat1[5] ``` ``` ## [1] 5 ``` --- # Object Types - Data Frame Data frame object type is still two dimensional but each column can be of a different data type. ```r df1 <- data.frame(some_numbers=1:3, some_names=c("Blood","Sweat","Tears"), some_logical=c(TRUE,FALSE,TRUE)) df1 ``` ``` ## some_numbers some_names some_logical ## 1 1 Blood TRUE ## 2 2 Sweat FALSE ## 3 3 Tears TRUE ``` Data frames are extremely powerful structures. Most of our work will be on data frames. **Note:** In `dplyr` package we will see a special version of data frames: `tibble`. --- # Object Types - List Lists are like vectors but they can hold any object (including lists). You can also add names to lists. ```r list1 <- list(data_frame = df1,matrix = mat1,vector= x) list1 ``` ``` ## $data_frame ## some_numbers some_names some_logical ## 1 1 Blood TRUE ## 2 2 Sweat FALSE ## 3 3 Tears TRUE ## ## $matrix ## [,1] [,2] [,3] ## [1,] 1 4 7 ## [2,] 2 5 8 ## [3,] 3 6 9 ## ## $vector ## [1] "1" "hi" "FALSE" ``` --- # Object Types - Functions Functions are very useful types as they allow to run reusable code with dynamic inputs. For example, let's write a function to calculate the area of a triangle. ```r area_of_triangle <- function(height,base_length){ area <- height*base_length/2 return(area) # Return value using return command } # You can assign the result of a function to a variable x <- area_of_triangle(height = 3, base_length = 4) x ``` ``` ## [1] 6 ``` + Rule of thumb is "If you need to copy paste the same code three times, write a function instead." + R has thousands of predefined functions to make life easier. + If you want to return multiple values return a list. --- class: center, middle, inverse # Exercises Complete base R document before attempting to solve these. --- # Exercise - Temperature Conversion Write a function to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius and Celsius to Fahrenheit. (X°C × 9/5) + 32 = Y°F ```r convert_temperature(30,F_to_C = FALSE) ``` ``` ## [1] 86 ``` ```r convert_temperature(86,F_to_C = TRUE) ``` ``` ## [1] 30 ``` --- # Exercise - Future Value Write a function to calculate the future value of an investment given annually compounding interest over an amount of years. `$$FV = X * (1 + i) ^T$$` ```r # 100 units of investments 7% interest rate over 5 years calculate_future_value( investment = 100, interest = 0.07, duration_in_years = 5) ``` ``` ## [1] 140.2552 ``` --- # Exercise - Color Hex Code Write a function to randomly generate n [color hex codes](https://www.color-hex.com/). You can use `letters` predefined vector. ```r generate_hex_code(n=3) ``` ``` ## [1] "#f0b75b" "#f38fa0" "#8de9a6" ``` --- # Exercise - Calculate Probability of Dice Write a function which calculates the probability of getting **k** sixes in **n** throws of a die. Hint: Use binomial distribution. ```r get_prob_dice(3,5) ``` ``` ## [1] 0.03215021 ``` --- # Exercise - Rock, Scissors, Paper Write a rock scissors paper game which computer randomly chooses ```r rsp_game("rock") ``` ``` ## [1] "I chose the same. Tie!" ``` --- Check course webpage for more exercises!